Hello! Linux

ROOT STRUCTURE

anoop17 — Fri, 05 Feb 2010 10:25:07 +0000

Subdirectories of the root directory

Directory Content

/bin

Common programs, shared by the system, the system administrator and the users.

/boot

The startup files and the kernel, vmlinuz. In some recent distributions also grub data. Grub is

the GRand Unified Boot loader and is an attempt to get rid of the many different boot−loaders we

know today.

/dev

Contains references to all the CPU peripheral hardware, which are represented as files with

special properties.

/etc

Most important system configuration files are in /etc, this directory contains data similar to

those in the Control Panel in Windows

/home

Home directories of the common users.

/initrd

(on some distributions) Information for booting. Do not remove!

/lib

Library files, includes files for all kinds of programs needed by the system and the users.

/lost+found

Every partition has a lost+found in its upper directory. Files that were saved during failures

are here.

/misc

For miscellaneous purposes.

/mnt

Standard mount point for external file systems, e.g. a CD−ROM or a digital camera.

/net

Standard mount point for entire remote file systems

/opt

Typically contains extra and third party software.

/proc

A virtual file system containing information about system resources. More information about the

meaning of the files in proc is obtained by entering the command man proc in a terminal

window. The file proc.txt discusses the virtual file system in detail. If you don’t have a Linux

machine at hand on which to locate this file, it is included in Appendix E for your convenience.

/root

The administrative user’s home directory. Mind the difference between /, the root directory and

/root, the home directory of the root user.

/sbin

Programs for use by the system and the system administrator.

/tmp

Temporary space for use by the system, cleaned upon reboot, so don’t use this for saving any

work!

/usr

Programs, libraries, documentation etc. for all user−related programs.

/var

Storage for all variable files and temporary files created by users, such as log files, the mail

queue, the print spooler area, space for temporary storage of files downloaded from the Internet,

or to keep an image of a CD before burning it.

How to install Ubuntu : The Ubuntu Installation Guide

anoop17 — Fri, 05 Feb 2010 09:51:22 +0000

The Ubuntu installation guide:

Table of contents

- Install from CD
- Install with Wubi
- Install in EXT3 Partition
- Install from USB

When it comes to installing Ubuntu, there are so many useful snippets of information on blogs and guides all over the internet. If you Google “How to install Ubuntu”, you’ll see what I mean.

For an Ubuntu beginner or curious Windows intermediate user however, there’s no single, simple source of information when it comes to trying out your first Ubuntu installation. One thing I have noticed is that there’s a lot of technical jargon and sometimes unnecessary terminal commands in lengthy forum posts, but no simple “how to” guides, which I think might put some people off! A shame, when you think about how easy Ubuntu is to install, use and tweak to look really cool!

This post will talk you through your first Ubuntu installation, hopefully teaching you everything you need to know to give Ubuntu a try without breaking or removing your existing Windows installation. The end result will be a “vanilla” Ubuntu Installation running simultaneously with your Windows installation using either the GRUB Bootloader, or WUBI, depending on how far you’d like to go on your first Ubuntu experience.

I hope my guide makes installing Ubuntu an enjoyable, simple experience. By the end of the guide you should have a dual boot Windows / Ubuntu machine that happily plays music, video, and acts as a perfectly usable home office computer with Openoffice 3.0. For the really adventurous you could even run Windows XP inside Virtualbox, which is linked to later on in the guide. The Ubuntu OS is unique and seriously cool, so, enjoy the trip.

If you’re planning on installing the latest version of Ubuntu (Jaunty Jackalope 9.04) you can install Ubuntu straight from the CD inside Windows or from a USB stick and the install process can takes care of formatting your hard drive partition for you. You might not yet have a spare partition to do this, so I’ve covered shrinking your existing Windows partition to make space for Ubuntu here.

How to install Ubuntu from CD

1) Download the Ubuntu ISO from http://www.ubuntu.com/getubuntu/download and save to your desktop

2) Burn the ISO image to a blank CD using Roxio CD creator or similar:

3) Run the CD from “My Computer” – the CD should ask permission to run at which point you’ll see this option screen:

Install Ubuntu with Wubi

4) If you’d like to install Ubuntu using Wubi, select “install inside Windows” and follow the instructions. Installing with WUBI is ideal for a first taste of Ubuntu as you can remove from add/remove programs in Windows later on. This install process is really easy but you don’t get the same performance as if Ubuntu had a separate partition running on its EXT3 file system. The following screens are all based on the Wubi installer process, so you can follow the rest of the instructions below.

If you’d like to install Ubuntu separately to Windows, then skip to point 7) below.

Here’s what you see next:

If you’ve got the space on your hard drive, go for 30gb or more for the installation size.

5) Now configure your installation using the simple settings options. You can specify the location of the Ubuntu installation on your Windows partition, the size of the Ubuntu installation, the Ubuntu flavour (Ubuntu, Kubuntu, Xubuntu, etc), your preferred language, and a username and password for the Ubuntu system.

When you click install, you’ll see this screen:

As soon as the files have finished downloading, you’ll see this:

6) That’s it! Click reboot now, and select “Ubuntu” on the startup screen. You now have a fully functional dual boot Windows / Ubuntu machine.

Install Ubuntu on a single (EXT3) partition (separately to Windows)

7) Click “Demo and full installation” and your computer will restart and boot into Ubuntu.

It’s worth saying at this point that you’re about to install Ubuntu on an entirely separate drive partition. That means, you need to make sure you have enough space on your computers hard drive to accomodate the new setup. Keir Thomas found that a partition less than 4gb would lead Ubuntu to crash during install in his first look at Ubuntu 9.04 over at Lifehacker.

Here’s a guide on how to resize or shrink your Windows Vista partition. Follow those instructions before you reboot into the live version of Ubuntu and you’ll have a really easy time during the following steps. Maybe you’d like to install from a USB? Let’s have a quick look at the process of installing from a USB before we continue:

Here’s how to install Ubuntu on a USB drive from Windows Vista:

Format your USB stick with a FAT32 partition from Windows. You can get to the format dialogue by opening My Computer and right mouse clicking the removable drive icon. Click “Format” and follow the settings in the image below. You need a minimum 2gb USB stick.

9) Download UnetBootin. UNetbootin allows for the installation of various Linux/Ubuntu distributions to a partition or USB drive, so it’s no different from a standard install, only it doesn’t need a CD. The coolest thing about the application is that it’s a “portable” app. You don’t need to install it into Windows meaning UNetbootin will run on your Windows PC without “admin” privileges.

The new version of Ubuntu isn’t in the Distribution list supplied with UNetbootin yet, so use the downloaded Ubuntu ISO from earlier on. Add the ISO using the “Diskimage”, make sure your USB drive is selected below and click OK.

The ISO transfers to the USB pretty quickly, so soon after you click OK you’ll see this screen:

10) That’s it – when the installation process is complete, restart your computer and make sure it’s set up to boot from USB. On my HP Laptop, pressing F9 on the boot screen shows a boot order menu. Selecting “USB Hard Drive” follows a black screen, an Ubuntu logo, and finally, your new Ubuntu desktop appears.

Completing your Ubuntu installation, step by step

Installing Ubuntu is so easy that it requires very little effort past this point. If you’ve managed to repartition your hard drive and restart your computer you’ll sail through the next few steps:

11) Click “install” on the live desktop (top left)

12) Choose your language in the welcome screen

13) Choose your location

14) Choose your keyboard layout

15) Set up your disk partition. This is probably the most “technical” part of the installation. When Ishrunk my Windows Vista drive volume, I never formatted the new partition, which means the “use the largest continuous free space” option works nicely:

16) Choose your username and password:

17) Migrate your Windows documents and settings

18) You’re now ready to install your new Ubuntu installation

19) When the installation has finished, restart your computer (you’ll be instructed to remove your cd rom or USB drive). You’re now ready to begin using Ubuntu!

Useful tips and resources for Ubuntu

Over the months, I’ve compiled a number of useful tips and hints to get you started in using your new operating system. Here’s a few that people have found most useful:

When you first login you’ll notice the system beep is a little annoying. Here’s how to turn it off. Having problems setting up your wireless network? Use this guide to set it up. Want to run Office 2007 or Windows XP from inside Ubuntu? Use this guide to install Virtualbox. Want to have that amazing 3d cube desktop? You’ll need to install Compiz. Want to make your installation look absolutely amazing? Check this post for a beautifully minimalist Ubuntu desktop powered by Conky. Finally, why not tryinstalling boxee inside Ubuntu to watch a lot of great, free TV!

Ubuntu is a brilliantly simple, easy to use, free and powerful operating system. I hope this guide helps you get on your way. Any feedback? Leave comments below.

Using UNetbootin to create a Live USB Linux

anoop17 — Sat, 26 Dec 2009 15:55:06 +0000

UNetbootin is a Live USB creation tool that can be used to create a Live Linux USB flash drive from an ISO. Many Linux distributions are supported out of the box with custom install options available for Linux distributions that are not. It is important to mention that Live Linux USB flash drives created with this tool, do not currently utilize a persistence feature. The resulting USB Linux install will function just as it does from a CD. By default you will not be able to save and restore your changes.

UNetbootin was created by Geza Kovacs, released under GNU GPL v2.

How to use UNetbootin to create a Live Linux USB flash drive
The following assumes your working from within Windows and have a current copy of the ISO you wish to convert.
Download UNetBootin for Windows
Download your favorite Linux ISO
Double click the Unetbootin Executable to start the program

(1) Click the Diskimage radio box.

(2) browse to select your ISO.

(3) Set your target USB drive .

(4) click OK to start the creation.
(5) Once the UNetbootin installer has completed, click Reboot Now

Set your system BIOS or boot menu to boot from the USB device and enjoy your favorite Live Linux on USB

Vista Tricks

anoop17 — Sun, 16 Aug 2009 17:25:00 +0000

Adding Desktop Icons And Customizing Them

The only icons on the desktop you will find after a clean install of Vista is that of the Recycle Bin. We love our desktops, and it’s one of the quickest ways to access programs. To get icons of the other necessary programs in Vista like the Computer and Network, right-click on the desktop and select Personalize. Click on Change desktop icons in the left pane. Check the boxes for the icons that you require on the desktop. Click OK. The same window also allows you to set custom icons for each item. Click on the icon that needs to be changed and click the Change Icon button. Select the icon of your choice and click OK.

Disabling Folders And Links In The Start Menu

The Vista Start Menu has links to almost everything: Music, Games, Pictures, Documents, etc. You may not need all of these, or you may need to add some more shortcuts. To remove these links, right-click on the taskbar and click on Properties. Click on the Start Menu tab. Here you can choose to set the Start Menu to look like older Windows versions, you can choose to select the Classic Start menu by clicking the radio box. To remove the unnecessary items, click on Customize next to Start menu. To disable the links, check the radio box—Don’t display this item for the items you want removed. Click OK

When done.

Changing Power Button Characteristics

Vista has this useful option of allowing the user to choose the function that the Power button on your computer perform.Go to Start > Control Panel and (if you’re using the Classic View) double click on Power Options > Choose what the power button does. To do this from the standard Control Panel view, go to System and Maintenance > Power Options > Choose what the power button does. Once you’ve got here, you will find that the options are disabled by default, so click on Change settings that are currently unavailable. Click on the dropdown for the Power button settings

Choose from Sleep, Hibernate and Shut down. Click Save Changes when you’re done.

Accessing The File Menu

One of the characteristics of Vista is that there might not be any File menu in some of the applications such as Windows Explorer for example. At any time to access this menu, press [Alt]. To permanently enable the menus, open Windows Explorer. Go to Organize > Folder and Search Options. Click on the View tab and check the box for Always show menus. Click OK.

Search the Internet Quickly

Microsoft has implemented the search bar within the Start Menu in Windows Vista. Its main purpose is to access files and programs quickly but it can be used to search the Internet as well. Click on the Start button or press the Windows key on your keyboard. Enter the keywords in the search field. Click on Search the Internet to use the default search engine (Live Search). In Windows Explorer, the search field normally searches the local drive. Pressing [Shift] + [Enter] after entering the keyword will open up a new browser window with results of the search in the default search engine.

Adding New Search Engines To The List

You just learnt how to use the Start Menu to search the Net. You can also change the default search engine Vista uses. To do this, start Internet Explorer. Click on the dropdown in the Search field and click Find More Providers. A page should load with a list of some search engines. Click on the search engine you want to use. A confirmation window will pop up. Click Add Provider. If you want to make it your default search engine, check the “Make this my default search provider” box. Click OK. Now all Internet searches done by you will be handled by the new default search engine.

Automating Drive Defragging Sessions

Defragging is a must. Vista has an inbuilt scheduling feature that allows you to set when you want your drives to be defragged. Start Disk Defragmenter. Click on Modify Schedule and select when you want the defragging to take place. You can set the frequency, the day and time for the defragment process.

Turn Off Unnecessary Features

Vista comes bundled with a whole lot of features you don’t always need. These can be turned off to save resources and speed up the computer a bit. Go to Start > Control Panel > Programs > Turn Windows Features on or off. A list of installed components will be displayed and the ones not required like Tablet PC Optional Components and Fax and Scan can be removed. Uncheck the boxes for

these components and click OK.

An Advanced Right-click Menu

The right-click is the quickest way to access and work with files. The Vista right-click menu has a few more options that are hidden away. To be able to use these, hold down [Shift] when right-clicking. If you do this to a folder, you can launch a command prompt at that location. You will now be able to copy the path of a file or a folder using that menu much quicker than usual.

Removing Vista And Its Boot Loader

If you have Vista and XP in dual-boot and want to get rid of Vista, its boot loader is an obstacle. To get rid of Vista, insert your Windows XP CD and boot from it. Remember to set your first boot device

as your CD/DVD drive. Press a key when it tells you to during boot up. When prompted, press [R] to load the Recovery console. Confirm your Windows installation by entering the number. Enter your Administrator password at the prompt. On the prompt, type fixmbr and then type fixboot. Reboot and you should be able to boot into Windows XP. Make sure you have backed up all critical files. Then format the partition on which Vista was installed to clear out Vista.

Another way to do this is to insert your Windows Vista CD and boot into Windows XP as usual. Go to Start > Run, type X:\boot\bootsec.exe /nt52 ALL /force. (Replace X with your CD/DVD drive letter). Reboot and format the Vista partition.

Using Parental Control

Not only can parental control in Vista safeguard your children from inappropriate content, it can also regulate the way they use the computer. Go to Start

> Control Panel > User Accounts and Family Safety and click on Set up parental controls. You can create a new account for your children by clicking on Create a new user account or just choose an existing account. Here, click On, enforce current settings. Other setting that you will find here are time limits, and program, Internet and game access restrictions.

Recently Opened Items

As in Windows XP, Vista has a small list that shows all files that were opened recently. By default, the value is set to 15. This number can be changed through a registry tweak. Start registry editor

(Start > Run > regedit). Browse to HKEY_CURRENT_USER\ Software\Microsoft\Windows\Current Version\Policies\Explorer. Here, right-click in the right pane and create a new 32-bit DWORD called

MaxRecentDocs. Double-click on the entry and give it a Decimal type value of how many ever entries you want in the recently opened file list. Reboot when you’re done and the changes will be applied.

If you do not want to have a list of recently opened files at all, the easier way is to right-click on the taskbar and click on Properties. Click on the Start Menu tab and uncheck the “Store and display a list

of recently opened files” box.

Tweaking Indexing

If you set Vista to index all files on your drive, this can take quite a while. Chances are, you will not be searching for INI files in the C:\Windows\system32 anytime soon. You can speed up the process by

selecting only the most important locations to be indexed. Get to the Indexing Options by going to Start > Control Panel > System and Maintenance > Indexing Options. Now, go to Modify > Show all

locations. Here you can select which folders you want indexed. Clicking on Advanced in the Indexing Options window will let you set filters for file types as well.

DID YOU KNOW

anoop17 — Fri, 14 Aug 2009 15:21:00 +0000

1.Google ,launched in 1998 was first / popular as a rival to AltaVista for scientific and other research papers and resources.

2.During World War II ,IBM Built the computers used to manage the Nazi’s concentration camps. Auschwitz camp code in the IBM tabulation system was 001.

3. Intel’s 4004 chip,the world’s first universal microprocessor, was used in 1979.It was the first microprocessor to enter the asteroid belt- if that counts as a record.

4.Mosaic was the first GUI-based WWW browser and Gopher client. It was Developed in 1993 by Eric Bina and Marc Andereeseen (co-founder of Netscape ) at the National Centre for Supercomputing Applications.

How would you display your company’s logo on the windows xp logon and shutdown screens?

anoop17 — Thu, 13 Aug 2009 17:35:00 +0000

Here’s how
to display a logo In the Windows
password screen:
Step 1: This crack needs a tool called
Resource Hacker. Download it

Step 2: Create a Restore point for your System and back up important data.

Step 3: Open Resource Hacker. Go to Open in the File menu and type into the Open File text box: “X:windows\system32\ logonui.exe,where X Is your Windows XP drive letter.

Step 4:

You can now see a tree view of the decompiled logonui.exe file. Expand the Bitmap Section go for Name 123 there. You can now view the Windows XP logo. Right- dick on 1033, which is in the 123 section.

Step 5: Right-dick and select Save [Bitmap: 123:1033]”. Save this bitmap to your system. Open the bitmap in MSPaint or PhotoShop or any other image.editing program you want. Clear the image and create your company logo instead of the Windows XP logo. Save your file with the .bmp extension. The size of the photo must be 137 x 86—the same as the original. The same procedure goes for 127 in the Bitmap Tree: [Bitmap: 127:10331 ]

Step 6: Once you’ve created your logo, go to
Bitmap 123> 1033. Right-click on it and go to
Replace Resource..” This will open up a window. Click on “Open file for new
Bitmap. Browse for and select your created bitmap. It will open in a second picture box. Click on the Replace button.. Save the file in
X:\windows\ system32\logonui.exe. (Replace the original file with your modified file.) You’ll get a File Protection Error: “File is not recognized by Windows XP SP2. Please insert the Windows XP SP2 CD and click OK…” Just cancel the dialog box. (Press Cancel and then press Yes.)
That’s it! Restart Windows and see the results of your magic!
If you also want change the “Welcome” suing, go to the main tree view. Then go to STRING TABLE> 1> 1033. Replace the string “Welcome” to your name or your company name or whatever!
Note: Before you replace your original .exe with the modified one, there’s one thing that has to be done, otherwise Windows replace your files to their original fbrm— Windows has inbuilt security for files, to prevent them from getting corrupted, as with logonui.exe. You need to apply a trick to bypass this protection. Open Notepad and type in the following:
del %systemroot%\system32\dllcache\ logonui.exe
Save this file as “crack_logo.bat and run it Use this method at your own risk! •

Display the driver letter before the drive name in explorer

anoop17 — Thu, 13 Aug 2009 17:01:00 +0000

By default. Windows Explorer will show drive labels in the form “(Drive:)”,for example ,”Data (D:)”. If you are using shared drives from other computers,it will also append the server name- “my-shared-data on CORP-SERVER-1(F:)” —so the drive letter is nearly invisible.
With the following setting. you can make the drive letter appear first, or make it behave differently for local drives and network drives. This change applies to all users on the computer.
Open the Registry Editor and navigate to
HKEYLOCAI_MAGHNE\SOFTWARE\
Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\
Explorer
Find the value called ShowDriveLettersFirst.
The possible values are:
0 = Default display: drive letters after
description
1 = Network drive letters first, local drive
letters after
2 = Descriptions only, no drive letters
displayed
4 = Drive letters before description
You could also use TweakUl if you don’t want to use the Registry Editor. In
TweakUl. the four options displayed are not associated with their correct values. The first option shows up correctly in TweakUl. but for “Show all drive letters before, TweakUl sets the value to 2 rather than 4: for
“Network before/Local after”, the value is set to 2 rather than 1: and for Never
shoW’. the value is set to 4 rather than 2.
To suinmarise (assuming the options are numbered I through 4):
Option# Select
I
4
2
3

anoop17 — Thu, 30 Jul 2009 18:29:00 +0000

Burning 4-5 CDs to install any modern distro like Fedora Core 5 or Suse 10 is a big pain in the neck. This tutorial will teach you how to install FC5 or Suse or any other distro without burning a single CD!!! This method, however, will only work if you already have Windows installed on your system and want to dual boot with Linux.

1. The first thing you will have to do is copy all the ISO files to your hard disk. Make sure that you copy all the files to the root of the partition and the partition must be formatted in FAT32. If you do not copy the ISO to the root of the partition (i.e. keep inside a folder) the setup will not able to detect the files.

2. Now use winrar to open the first ISO file (discl). Go inside the folder “isolinux” and copy the files initrd.img and vmlinuz to your c:\hoot. You will need to enable viewing of hidden and system files in order to locate c:\boot.

3. Now download the file called gruh4dos from here. Extract the folder “hoot” and the file “grldr” from the downloaded zip file. Inside the folder “boot” is another folder called “grub”; copy this folder to c:\hoot. Copy the file “grldr” to c:\

4. Then open c:\boot\gruh\menu.Ist and add these followi ng lines:
Code:
title Fedora Core 5 Install
]cernel (hdo, 0) /boot/vmlinuz
initrd (hdo, 0) /boot/initrd.img

5. Now you have to add grub to your c:\hoot.ini file. Open hoot.ini and add this line in the end:
Code:
C: \grldr=”Start GRUB”

6. You are now ready to install FC5. Restart your PC and from the boot screen select “Start GRUB”. This will load GRUB.

7. From the grub screen select “Fedora Core 5 Install”. The setup will now start and you can now select the hard drive partition where you copied the ISO files.

Run Line Commands part 3

anoop17 — Thu, 30 Jul 2009 17:24:00 +0000

The following are Control Panel applets that can be run from the run line.
They are located in the c:\windows\system32 directory, and have the file type
extension ".CPL".
ACCESS.CPL – Accessibility Options
APPWIZ.CPL – Add or Remove Programs
DESK.CPL – Display Properties
HDWWIZ.CPL – Add Hardware Wizard
INETCPL.CPL – Internet Explorer Properties
INTL.CPL – Regional and Language Options
JOY.CPL – Game Controllers
MAIN.CPL – Mouse Properties
MMSYS.CPL – Sounds and Audio Device Properties
NCPA.CPL – Network Connections
NUSRMGR.CPL – User Accounts
ODBCCP32.CPL – ODBC Data Source Administrator
POWERCFG.CPL – Power Options Properties
SYSDM.CPL – System Properties
TELEPHON.CPL – Phone and Modem Options
TIMEDATE.CPL – Date and Time Properties
The following are Microsoft Management Console Snap-ins that can be opened from
the run line. These applications have the file type extension ".MSC".
CERTMGR.MSC – Certificates
CIADV.MSC – Indexing Service
COMPMGMT.MSC – Computer Management
DEVMGMT.MSC – Device Manager
DFRG.MSC – Disk Defragmenter
DISKMGMT.MSC – Disk Management
EVENTVWR.MSC – Event Viewer
FSMGMT.MSC – Shared Folders
LUSRMGR.MSC – Local Users and Groups
NTMSMGR.MSC – Removable Storage
NTMSOPRQ.MSC – Removable Storage Operator Requests
PERFMON.MSC – Performance Monitor
SERVICES.MSC – Services
WMIMGMT.MSC – Windows Management Infrastructure

Calculation on command Prompt ! I bet you Dont Know This

anoop17 — Thu, 30 Jul 2009 17:24:00 +0000

The command processor CMD.EXE comes with a mini-calculator that can perform simple arithmetic on 32-bit signed integers:

C:\>set /a 2+2 4

C:\>set /a 2*(9/2) 8

C:\>set /a (2*9)/2 9

C:\>set /a "31>>2" 7

Note that we had to quote the shift operator since it would otherwise be misinterpreted as a "redirect stdout and append" operator.

For more information, type set /? at the command prompt.